‘Akhlak’ jam’i ne na ‘khulk’ ma’anarsa dabi’a, Hali, Al’ada ¹ gamamme ne ko kasancewarsa ya hado da al’ada da hali mai kyau ko mummuna.

Amma idan ma’anarsa a gurin masana ilimin ‘akhlak’ sun ambaci ma’anonisa masu yawa, daga cikinsu:

a- Wani sashi ta tafi a kan cewa; wani hali ne a zuciya wanda ke hukunta gangarowar aiki daga wajen mutum ba tare da yin nazari ko tunani ba”.

b- Akwai wanda ta takaita Kalmar ‘akhlak’ a cikin kyawawan dabi’u, yana nuna kishiyantar munanan dabi’u.

c- Wani lokacin kuma game su ake yi baki daya, da cewa dukkan wani sako na rayuwar yau da kullum ya shiga ciki, ^(11).

Yanzu dai mun fahimci cewa ‘akhlak’ na da ma’anoni masu yawa, kuma mabambanta da juna, bai yiwuwa a tattaresu gaba daya a yanda ya kamata. Sai dai ana binciko ma’anarsa daga wajen malaman musulunci ta yanda za a iya siffata shi da bayani gamamme, kamar haka; akhlak wani yanayi ne na zuciyar dan Adam wanda ayyuka ke gangarowa masu dacewa da ita’. Wannan ke nan yana nufin cewa idan wannan yanayin na zuciya me kyau ne to ayyukan da suke gangarowa daga wajen mutum sun dace da su. Sabanin haka ma yana inganta. Don haka ‘akhlak’ sun kasu kaso biyu. Kyawawan halaye da munanan halaye. Zai iya yiwuwa ya zama sabon da akai ya kafu, ko kuma ya zama na dan lokaci ne, yana iya gushewa.

Shi ma ilimin ‘akhlak’ ya sami ta’arifofi masu yawa dabam-dabam. Akwai bayanai wanda malamai da masana suka ambata, kuma har daga makarantun kasashen turawan yamma an sami bayanai. Ga kadan daga cikinsu:

1. Ilimin akhlak shi ne ilimin da ake koyon kyawawan sifofi wanda rayuwar mutum ke canzawa da shi zuwa rayuwa da salo mai kyau ⁽³⁾
2. Daga cikinsu akwai wanda ta fassarashi da cewa shi wani ilimi ne na yanda zaka rayu. ⁽⁴⁾
3. A cikinsu akwai wanda ya yi ta’arifinshi da ainihin ta’arifin lugga zalla, yake cewa: shi ilimine wanda ake sanin al’adu da ladubba da kuma salon rayuwa da kuma dabiun yan adamtaka.
4. Shi kuma babban malamin nan Sheikh “El-Narakiy” ya yi ta’arifinsa cikin littafinsa Jamias Sa’adat; yana cewa ‘shi ilimi ne na sanin siffofi masu halakarwa da kuma masu tseratarwa da yanda ake dabi’antuwa da siffantuwa da suffofi masu tseratarwa, da kuma kubuta daga masu halakarwa. tare da nazari mai kyau game da littafan ilmul akhlak kamar su; - Jamial sa’adat, da Mi’iraj-Al-Sa’adat. Ds’’ muna iya cewa: ilimin “akhlak” a maganar musulmai shi ne ilimin da ke bincike a kan dukkan kyawawan dabi’u da munanansu, da kula da su, dayin bayaninsu, tare da yin bayanin hanyoyin da zasu taimaka wajan samar da dabi’u da al’adu kyawawa, da kuma kariya daga masifu munana da kuma tsarkakuwa daga gare su.

Daga nan ne zai zama cewa batutuwan da ilimin “akhlak” yake bincike akansu sun ta’alaka ne da aiyukan da dan Adam ke yi bisa zabin kansa.

Kuma makurar ilmin “akhlak” shi ne sadar da mutun zuwa haddin kamala da kuma rabautuwa ta har abada, da kuma kai hannunsa zuwa farfajiyar aminci da tabbatatuwa da kuma masaukin da aka halicceshi dominsa. tare da mun san cewa shi ilimin “akhlak” wani yanki ne daga cikin bangarorin ilimin “falsafa” da ma’anarta mai fadi.

5. Mafi ingancin “ta’arifi” da gamewa: akhlak ma’anarsa shi ne: Tsari da salon rayuwa kyakkyawa ko mummuna; kuma shi ilimin “akhlak” yana nufin cewa shi ne ilimin da ke bincike game da wadannan salo da tsarin rayuwa, kuma wanne ne ya cancanta a tsayu da shi ko kuma a bar shi da kuma tsarkaka daga gare shi: a wani bayanin kuma: banbanci tsakanin “akhlak” da kuma ilimin “akhlak” yana ta janibi ne nazari da kuma aikatawa ga kowanne daga cikin su dan haka ba wata ma’ana game da sanya fifiko a tsakaninsu, bincike a kan kowanne daya daga cikin su shi ne zai sa ya zama mafi gamewa kuma mafi daukaka a kan waninsu,

1. Al Garashi, Sayyidi Ali Akbar, Kamus-al-Kuran juz-2 shafi-293 Darul Kutub-al-Islamiyya, Tehran, tabaat sadisat-1371-hijra shamsi al-turaihiya, fakhrul-aldin, majama-al-bahrain, juz-5 shafi 156, maktabat murtaza Tehran, tabaat thalithat-1375- hijra shamsi
2. Ka duba “chayge hauze net”
3. Altusiya, alkhawajah nasirul-al-deen, akhlak nasiru shafi 14 maktaba-islamiyya Tehran.
4. Al Mutahary Murtaza, Anshanaye ba Ulum-Islamiyya-juz 2 shafi 190 sadra, Tehran tabaat sadissat-1368-hijrah shamsi.
5. AL Naraky Muhammad Mehdi, Jami-al-Sa’adat juz 1 shafi 34 Nejaf matbaat-al-zahrah. 1368- hijrah kamari
6. Duba: al Naraky, Mulla Mehdi, Jami-al-Saadat- mu’assasat-al-alamy, Beirut, tabaat sadisat-1408 hijrah kamari mullah ahmed, meraj al-saadat, Tehran. Intishaat rashidiy Tehran, bala tarij.